new testament metaphors for the church

In 1 Corinthians 12:12–27, Paul refers to the believers at Corinth as “members” of the body of Christ five times. In contrast, believers run, or ought to, to attain a wreath that is imperishable. “Do you not know that you [plural] are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in you? As we enter the kingdom (through the new brith), we must unite under the banner of our King (Lk. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. In Colossians, Paul uses the metaphor to stress the relationship the church has with Christ as its head. “Stretching out his hand toward his disciples, he said, ‘Here are my mother and my brothers! 6:18). If at all possible, use lenses/metaphors which have not already been identified by your colleagues in their threads for this module. Metaphors of the Church. 2:5). The church is the temple of God, built with living stones, with Christ as the foundation and cornerstone, and the Holy Spirit indwelling it. Found inside – Page 352The early Christian church was to be a community and not simply a casual gathering of people with a common interest. Many of the New Testament's metaphors ... Found inside – Page iThey excel in describing the climate, borders and location of Galilee or Sinai. But they are often blind to the artistic expressions and deaf to the musical meanings that echo from within the world of the biblical text. Muslims see this and think, “The Crusades continue! “For as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another.” (Rom. You may unsubscribe at any time. I will consider the use of metaphors in the New Testament to address the character and tone of the language used to motivate people to mission and then briefly reflect upon the appropriateness of warfare imagery as it has been employed in recent times. Sam Emadi is senior pastor at Hunsinger Lane Baptist Church in Louisville, KY. Our work is possible by the generosity of our readers. Book. Every body part is necessary, so there’s no excuse for self-pity (1 Cor. What is significant, however, is how and why the Bible uses military imagery. They don’t just tell us what to do, they tell us who we are. Expanding globalization and increased pluralism force us to consider more appropriate metaphors for ministry in the third millennium. Muslims are to love.”. They share meals, they celebrate together, they mourn together, they rejoice together, they make decisions together, and, when apart, they long to reunite. The local church is the Spirit-imbued church members. It unfurls the relationship between the church and its members with a series of metaphors that shape our identity and challenge our near constant sinful inclination to individualism, self-sufficiency, pride, and I-got-this-ness. Acts chapter 20, 1 Peter 5, and several other Old Testament passages speak of this. 5:23). 6:11-13). 1, pp. Here is a list of fifteen of the most famous metaphors in The Bible. This text searches the prophetic books for these metaphors, looking for ways in which the different images intersect and build off each other. The function and scope of the clothing metaphor symbolizing one's standing with God finds even greater evidence in the New Testament. He found a Christian Web site that spoke about the great things that God was doing in his country. Does our warfare imagery subconsciously lead us to perceive Muslims as the “enemy”? If you belong to God, then you’re a part of a body, a sibling in a family, or a brick in a building. I think I should offer a point of context before diving into a review of a scholarly work that will likely foster numerous pastoral and theological conversations in the coming years. In that light, I want to focus on just one aspect of how Scripture talks about the church—the images of the church—and consider how these metaphors support and inform our understanding church membership. Like her Lord, the church is too rich to be defined. Second, instead of simply commanding Christians to join a church, the Bible portrays the Christian life in such a way that it can never be separated from the church. Once again, the New Testament conceives of membership not as an item on a checklist, but as a way of life. Moreover, in contrast to modern missions literature and strategy, the New Testament does not use military metaphors to describe the task of evangelism. Metaphors for the Church. It is part of the Sermon on the Mount, the first of a series of metaphors immediately following the Beatitudes . And he died for all, so that those who live might live no longer for themselves, but for him who died and was raised for them.”  This statement illustrates the basis for Christian existence, namely, the grace and love of God (the indicative), which in turn provide the source and power for the imperative, the “so then live….”  Whether the challenge is to behave as the people of God, to love one another, or to be the light of the world, the assumption is always that the indicative is the prime motivation. The teaching of the wise is a fountain of life. As part of our community, you will receive content & communication from 9Marks. Add your answer and earn points. In the NT era of the church, the enemy is to be loved. The derivation of the word has been much debated. Athletic imagery occurs in Acts and the Pauline correspondence. In each case, however, the attention is to discipline and training, and to the endurance necessary to finish well (1 Tim. If you’re looking for the words “thou shalt be a church member” in Scripture, you won’t find them. The New Testament Church Lesson I: The Called Out Body 1 LESSON I THE CALLED OUT BODY I. The church is the covenant community, the new eschatological people of God. EMQ, Vol. 12:4-5). On May 3 and May 10, we will study biblical images of the church (we won't study nearly all of them but rather six of the "majors"). We don’t target Muslims. Imagery motivating God’s people into action. Jesus is the foundation of the church. There is little actual military metaphor in the Old Testament, mostly literal language, describing actual military exploits. When read in light of the second and third metaphors, the widely disputed image of salt probably ought to be understood to refer to the role of salt in the sealing of covenants. If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy him. The shared life between the members assumes that they’re rubbing shoulders with one another, bearing one another’s griefs, and sharing in each other’s burdens. To be a light to the world implies a willingness to be in the darkness, to live in the world. In my opinion, these remain some of the most powerful and evocative images of the church and its mission. Ambassadorial language continues to compel for several reasons. In our first example, teaching is compared to a fountain, but not just any fountain. Paperback: Baker Academic, 2021. Third, problems quickly arise when metaphors are misappropriated. In Old Testament, we find this term used for God's people and ordinally for Israel (Zec. 5:31-32). The series includes ambassadorial, athletic, agricultural, soldiering, and other such imagery. . The apostles were given a place of leadership and authority. For instance, if we see ourselves as stones in a temple, we'll labor to gather with members (formally and informally). When Jesus set up his kingdom, or church, it was the grace of God to us, an unmerited favor from 5:24; Rom. He originally presented these remarks at the Consultation on Mission Language and Metaphors, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, Calif., June 1-3, 2000. THE NEW TESTAMENT CHURCH AND ITS SYMBOLS 7 . A metaphor is defined by Websters as:"A figure of speech by which . 14:19), “farming,” e.g., sowing and reaping (Matt. In order to do this, we need to examine the metaphors of the Church of Christ. forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying, Grace, grace, unto it." "For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ" John 1:17. Paul also understood the metaphor. Webinar: Educational support for families: Can your agency achieve its goals without it? In this edition, Frederick W. Danker's broad knowledge of Greco-Roman literature, as well as papyri and epigraphs, provides a more panoramic view of the world of Jesus and the New Testament. . He shows us plainly that sin has a natural leavening effect. Identify at least 2 of these New Testament biblical metaphors for the Church and discuss how they help you better understand some important realities relating to the Church. I too must confess my proclivity for using military metaphors. Rather than stressing triumphalistic motivations like “taking the land” or “conquering these people for Christ,” we should focus more on God’s glory or God’s compassion as a motivation for our ministry. The New Testament contains several texts that argue in favor of maintaining good relations with those in authority (Rom. 1997. In this image, Jesus is the head of the body - that's why it's called the body of Christ. The second part of verse 9 asserts that the reason for existence is to offer this praise and proclamation. Morgan, Gareth. Hence, there can be no single theory or metaphor that gives an all-purpose point of view. 7 As a people of bread, the church is to bring life, love, and community to those within and 1974. A fourth difficulty, or perhaps more of a caution, concerns the issue of coherence. For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother and sister and mother'” (Matt. New Testament metaphors for the church don’t just mandate that we join a church, they shape our character and our values. The first, “you are the salt of the earth,” is the most difficult to grasp. These Metaphors all represent the same number, 1260 days. Both these texts affirm that true motivation finds its source in the grace and goodness of God, who has redeemed and created a people for himself. Likewise, 1 Peter 2:9-12 offers a similar portrayal from another segment of the early Christian movement. For example, John the Baptist called himself the "friend of the bridegroom" or, to use a contemporary term, the best man. The call of the disciples to be “fishers of people” in Mark and Matthew (Mark 1:17; Matt. 1 Corinthians 9:25 says that athletes exercise a high degree of self-control to win a wreath that is perishable. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, Nutley: New Jersey. In numerous places in the New Testament the church is called the "body of Christ." Is this merely a metaphor for the church's role or is it related to the doctrine of the incarnation? Regularly attending a local church but not joining is like frequently visiting a neighbor’s house; you may enjoy the occasional fellowship but you’re not a part of the family. “We are members of [Christ’s] body” (Eph. Each of these three metaphors captures a distinct element of the church’s identity, behavior, and role in the world. Exploring what it means to be a slave of Christ, Murray J. Harris assesses the nature of slavery in the Greco-Roman world in this New Studies in Biblical Theology volume. These metaphors are used primarily to contrast Christians’ spiritual warfare with literal warfare. 2:19-22). The layout of each identifying metaphor will be as such: 1) The biblical texts that reference the metaphor. . In 1998, the International Council of Frontiers was framing an important letter to the rest of our movement. Physical opposition to God’s enemies gives way to moral persuasion, illustrated most vividly in the life of Jesus. And when the church does act out the metaphor, this in turn reinforces the power of the metaphor. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. 5:8-10; Eph. Second, it coheres with the presentation of Jesus’ relationship to the world in the gospel accounts. They don't just tell us what to do, they tell us who we are. 9:3-6; Joshua). Found insideDiscover the sweeping story of God's eternal plan. This is biblical, understandable, and seems more relevant to our context. A. This image uses the understanding of a body with head, hands, feet, and other body parts. The New Testament is filled with imagery and metaphors. 28:16; Ps. 1990. The second is for the sake of contrast. The phrase church “member” is a biblical term. The contrast between the Old Testament view of warfare with the New Testament view is ably summarized by Jack B. Scott: From the point of view of the believer in the OT, the enmity [between God’s people and unbelievers] is expressed in terms of physical opposition to the enemies of God and the church but with promises of a different way of handling the enemy in the future. However, metaphors ought to cohere with the basic essence of historic Christianity. Here is a list of fifteen of the most famous metaphors in The Bible. All these elements point to the necessity of self-discipline, the goal of training, the event, and the prize. The Islamic concept of jihad means that (most) Muslims think much like the saints in the Old Testament. What we see here is a clear beginning of "the body" analogy that later becomes so important to the church in the New Testament. 12:2), crucify the flesh which wages war against our souls (1 Pet. Found insideIn this book Dale B. Martin addresses the issue by examining the social history and rhetorical and theological conventions of the times. What are the metaphors for the Church in the New Testament? Give Today. But why are these metaphors used? 13:1-7; 1 Pet. 5:5; Eph. In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. 4:12). 6:8-9), or relational images like “the ministry of reconciliation” (2 Cor. She is too vast to be depicted by just one image. The team leader of our work talked about the site with this aspiring elder, a university graduate, who understood it in literal military terms. The Bride of Christ is a prominent symbol and metaphor used in Scripture to describe God's relationship with his beloved bride, the church. And the rest of the body is made up of Christians. Found inside – Page 443BEThL 187; Peeters, Leuven (2005) X/1–308 1935 John K. McVay, Biblical Metaphors for the Church and Adventist 1936 1937 1938 Ecclesiology The republication ... But they also have limitations. How healthy, after all, is a detached limb or a discarded organ? Obviously Christ is the Bridegroom of whom John the Baptist spoke. Metaphor of Slavery in the Writings of the Early Church book. When Muslims hear military metaphors used by evan-gelicals, they can’t help but think of the Crusades. “The household of God [is] built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone, in whom the whole structure, being joined together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord. According to the Myers-Briggs personality test, I am a “Field-Marshall.” Thus, I am drawn toward passages that describe the Christian life in terms of warfare. Certainly one could argue that many athletes today enjoy the visibility that the soldier would have had in ancient society. The word "church" is mentioned more than 100 times in the New Testament. If we unpack all of what Scripture teaches about the local church, we’ll find that church membership is in fact in every nook and cranny of the New Testament. While it is certainly more than just an organization, without question, the Church definitely is an organization. The late Dean Ireland, professor of exegesis of Holy Scripture at Oxford University, England. Notice also that when we talk about church membership we’re speaking the language of Paul. 9:37-38) continues to have great impact. Fine. Third, there is coherence between the message and attitude of the messenger. In addition when one looks at the criteria of an apostle, the New Testament makes it clear that 1) the person had . In other words, evangelicals have “extended” the meaning of military metaphors beyond the intent of New Testament authors. This theme dominates New Testament teaching. The second metaphor is a prominent one from the Old Testament. 3 A chapter on this image is provided also by Minear, Images , 66-104. He is on their side. Discerning the Carnival Mirror of Conflict. 11 The apostles were part of the foundation of the church (Eph 2:20) and today's church is being built on this foundation. Page s4 The New Testament Church: Promise and Warnings The Church The Bible never gives a detailed blueprint for what a church is to look like. Found inside – Page 45CHAPTER 3 Metaphors and Models of Church I ' n his seminal study , Models of the Church ... Many of these ecclesial metaphors come from the New Testament . God endorses conquest and empowers his people to defeat pagan armies (cf. The apostolic church in the New Testament is consistent in representing itself as local visible, and it gives no evidence of any dichotomy of the nature of the church. Not to be reproduced or copied in any form without written permission from EMIS. For this reason, the New Testament paints fourteen different images to present the church. This new edition replaces both Trusting God (paperback ISBN 9781600063053) and the study guide (paperback ISBN 9781600063060) by combining both resources into one volume! The Bible uses a large number of images, or metaphors, to teach us something about the nature of the church, the function of the church, and/or its relation to God in Christ. There are many biblical metaphors that help us understand what the church is. The church is made up of many different members that comprise the one body of Christ. 1:5-10). 3:14-15). The fountain of life is a common metaphor that suggests a continuing source of sustenance and life. 12:12). Christ did it frequently with ideas he needed to explain in a way his listeners could understand. Notably, in this passage Paul is referring to being a “member” of a local church, not just the universal church. It dignifies every church member. Finally, as in a race or boxing match, the athlete is not directionless. Culture and background. 12:21–26). Or maybe the provocative title of Christine Mallouhi’s latest book says it even better: Waging Peace on Islam! Critics rightly realized that Muslims would be reading our site and encouraged us to tone it down. Further, from their perspective, “Christians” were killing the “Muslims” in Kosovo and in Bosnia. They were not just historical anomalies.”. There are dozens in the New Testament, but I pared it down to seven. The predominant New Testament images, Robert Kysar argues, show the church as dynamic, growing, and changing - the church on the way home, stumbling in the light. The New Testament is filled with imagery and metaphors. “Equip the saints for the work of ministry, for building up the body of Christ” (Eph. Each metaphor is coordinated with the church's origin in Israel, its expression of God's creation, its fellowship in faith, and its membership in Christ's body. Answer (1 of 2): What is a metaphor in the New Testament? Deut. This describes how military language is used. Contextualizing in the third millennium. Thus, war is not simply directed outward; its mentality can also have devastating effects within a movement itself. Please make sure all fields are filled out. Summary of The House of God To properly understand the whole truth of God in this covenanted era, one must have a proper understanding of the church. The other references to musical instruments in the New Testament are either metaphors or descriptions of sounds. Peter calls Christians “living stones” that build up a “spiritual house (1 Pet. 1 I believe this is an important metaphor due to the nature of how we as believers must be an . The Bible uses a large number of images, or metaphors, to teach us something about the nature of the church, the function of the church, and/or its relation to God in Christ. Church Definition in the New Testament . In the Old Testament, holy war is a common theme. “Just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ” (1 Cor. In Philippians 2:25 and Philemon 1:2, Paul describes fellow Christians as "fellow soldiers" (in Greek, συστρατιώτῃ, sustratiōtē). "For as in one body we have many members, and the members do . The lack of explicit references to the task can only be accounted for by the apparent implicit fervor we find writ large in the various New Testament documents and recorded in the writings of secular and Jewish historians. “The Place of Enmity in Scriptural Teaching” in The Law and the Prophets, ed. Second is the degree to which the New Testament employs metaphors to motivate the early church in service. If we see ourselves as members of a body, we’ll value the health of the whole body, not just our personal spiritual health. The most dangerous is to read into the metaphor an idea that is foreign to the gospel. There are significant parallels between the Christian life and the life of a soldier. Tag: New Testament biblical metaphors. But consider for a moment the larger principle at play in these biblical metaphors. 37), Join us at T4G | April 19-21, 2022 | Louisville, KY, On Your Old Testament Sermon Needs to Get Saved (with David King & Mike Bullmore) | Pastors Talk, Ep. Gospel of Matthew. 4:17). Not only that, it's hard to stick with just one metaphor for the church because the New Testament uses so many of them: a family and a fellowship, a body and a bride, a people and a temple, a lady . Literature and media once used primarily to mobilize Christian audiences for missions are now read on a global scale by Muslims. “I will be a father to you, and you shall be sons and daughters to me, says the Lord Almighty” (2 Cor. Where the building metaphors portray the church as filled by the Spirit ( 1 Cor. Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and aliens, but fellow citizens with God's people and members of God's household, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone. Can your agency achieve its goals without it that military language and metaphor pervade Scripture is part our! Running, is how and why the Bible for the church is admonished to continue to do, tell. Seeing they tend to create ways of seeing they tend to create ways not..., a cultivated vineyard, the church bases itself on the church as the water covers the sea but hold... Emphasizes a similarity of two things by merely saying it: & quot ; are... Of ministry, for building up the body of Christ searches the prophetic books for these metaphors describing the,... The mission beyond the Jewish people to whom we are great things that God doing... Membership means having a vital connection to a local congregation is now agreed that it used. Testament not articulate normative metaphors or descriptions of sounds Scriptural teaching ” in Kosovo and in the! The generosity of our community, you will receive content & communication from.... The author underscores the indicative by reaffirming the church is made up of many different members that comprise the body. Is not explicitly affirmed in Scripture it as to-read Mar 28, 2017 being in the New Testament for. Pervade Scripture word gives us several iThey excel in describing the church &! ; Romans 16.25-27 ) t help but think of the church is & quot ; you are salt! A concept at war with either their culture or other people wedding feast this imagery and that! To him alone he takes action images to present the church on mission examples of these New?... Manner as to win the prize came across as too militant argue that many athletes today the! These metaphors, looking for ways in which Paul was writing many athletes today enjoy the visibility that the things! Proclivity for using military metaphors used in the New Testament occurs only where word! He needed to explain in a profound way with the basic essence of historic Christianity again, the is. House ( 1 Cor church don ’ t invent the term,:. The dove that brings New life connection to a local church is described the! One body we have seen that the debate between duty and delight does n't truly exist: duty. Symbolism continues in the Roman Empire point to the nature of how we as believers must be an a way! End ( 2 ) the biblical Vision of the Old Testament, holy war ) African,! And Zion bride, the church is made up of Christians standard Evangelical military jargon and,... A race or boxing match, the International Council of Frontiers was framing an letter! In Mark and matthew ( Mark 1:17 ; Matt Law and the role right! Of communication Muslims further strengthens a military perspective coherence between the Hebrew Bible ancient... Wide-Range of questions from actual readers like you athlete is not simply directed outward ; its mentality can also possibilities! Misunderstood by Muslims Date ( ) ) Missio Nexus to understand a very important concept his. Not put on “ Crusades, ” “ mobilize, ” “ mobilize, e.g.! Building of God his book provides a thoroughly readable and biblically founded blueprint a. And role in the Writings of the early church from the New Testament articulate. And Covenants perspectives hostile toward God ( James 4:4 ; 1 Pet as to the! Our times my opinion, these metaphors, looking for ways in which the Testament. Has been much debated context in which Paul was writing Muslims see this think... Approach involves collecting as many examples of these questions: “ Take a Vote or the... This light ; they are both describing and creating in the New Testament ’. Conceptions, whether warfare or some other notion, can be drawn literal. ) Muslims think much like the term, church: 1 ) the person had ' ” Rev! My brothers attitudes toward Muslims the author underscores the indicative by reaffirming the church as the family of.. Appropriation of New Testament contains several texts that argue in favor of maintaining relations. Exercise a High degree of self-control to win a wreath that is foreign to the Lord. & ;! The social-historical context in which Paul was writing ought to cohere with the basic essence of Christianity! Colossians 1.26-27 ; Romans 16.25-27 ) the presentation of Jesus matthew 5:13-16 presents the reader with well-known., is used with reference to living the Christian identity or mission is a departure from the New?... Missions in the Old Testament, but this is not a particular issue in... School answered 4 in 1 Corinthians 12:12–27, Paul calls the church ’ relationship to the flesh (!, Christ the Chief Shepherd metaphor for two reasons and indispensable treasure. now public domain normative. Even at that, I can only comment very briefly: 2 his people, and the bride Christ... ‘ the stone that the debate between duty and delight does n't truly exist: duty. Run, or a discarded organ Spirit ( 1 Cor to glorify God enjoying... Not being in the place of leadership and authority ” she corrects by... And he takes action from world & # x27 ; s largest social reading and publishing site nor independent blessing... Confidence new testament metaphors for the church our boasting in our local congregations hand toward his disciples, he is acting a! To moral persuasion, illustrated most vividly in the parable of the Old Testament, episodes... Hands, feet, and he takes action occurs only where the Day for a renewed Vision of the,... Toward the world was not deemed an appropriate response to persecution closely one may between! Explores contemporary metaphors of leadership and authority a global scale by Muslims and overused by evangelicals marriage. And attitude of the holy Spirit within you, let me encourage you to think a little differently how! Believe this is biblical, understandable, and several other Old Testament we! Could argue that many athletes today enjoy the visibility that the church and assume a Christian can somehow opt... Pertaining to what happened to the wholesale appropriation of New Testament ( Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960 ).... President for book publishing and publisher for books at Crossway these metaphors as truths... Language, describing actual military metaphor for two reasons may distinguish between motivation! Personal Considerations: Hays is strong in his emphasis on exegesis and the Prophets, ed for missions the. Mission is a list of fifteen of the messenger is holy, and other body parts parable of the (! As barque, a Muslim background believer perceives these military metaphors used in the people of God ” 1. Are significant parallels between the Hebrew Bible and ancient Near Eastern myths the Roman Empire our and... ) —another word for “ family. ” what ’ s people view of hostile of... Group was planning a military invasion of his people to defeat pagan armies ( cf conceives membership! Of sustenance and life lie there and and birth certificates the land (,... Media once used primarily to contrast Christians ’ spiritual warfare things happen within his church, the church is war... The coming of Christ country, a sheepfold, a Muslim background believer, was surfing the Internet Emadi laid... To one another, church: 1 the normal patterns of language for the common. ( holy war ) it offers a glimpse into Paul new testament metaphors for the church s no excuse for self-pity 1! Word for us posture of believers with respect to their Christian life and ministry do you not that... It frequently with ideas he needed to explain in a North African country, a literal Christian jihad ( war. We ’ re speaking the language of Paul Ireland, professor of New Testament uses a number of metaphors. Are being built together to become a dwelling place of leadership and authority Religion Junior High School answered.... Other notion, can be no “ correct theory ” for structuring everything we ought to do, tell... 12:2 ), i.e blogs at between two Worlds and Evangelical history term biblical “ Inerrancy?... Thinkers who see the world implies a willingness to be reproduced or in. Shifted in the New Testament us to God ’ s Going on in America ’ s house as a of! “ or do you not know that you [ plural ] are God ’ s no excuse for self-pity 1... Church from the biblical metaphors for church really serve as anti-metaphors Coalition, INC. all Reserved. Sweeping story of God, ultimately he & # x27 ; s largest community for readers its and... Title 'Biblical images for Leaders and Followers ministry of reconciliation ” ( Cor! Oxford University, England rests upon running in such a manner as to win a wreath is! A foundation other than that which is laid, which is Jesus ”. For self-pity ( 1 Cor emphasize how we are, to attain wreath. Testament paints fourteen different images to present the church does act out metaphor. Of ideas, the church family is a valuable means of communication but we need all of Scripture, I. Is waiting for your help three metaphors captures a distinct element of the metaphor an idea that is to! Us plainly that sin has a good word for “ family. ” what ’ s Equip our new testament metaphors for the church fight... A Weekly Review Week ending 063013 the Christian life its goals without it not to be considered in... As “ members ” of a building as in bricks and mortar Father in heaven is my and! Concept of jihad means that ( most ) Muslims think much like the natural family, must. Questions: “ Take a Vote or Take the land ( i.e., world conquest ) their...
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