what are the chemical properties of fuel

Colours of lubricating oil are not of so much importance for its properties aspect as a test for checking the uniformity of any given grade or brand of oil. For these reasons, hydrocarbon fuels can be converted by some chemical process depending on the engine types or by improving fuel properties. Biodiesel Fuel Properties Additives Change alcohol Unchanged fatty ester composition A B Physical procedures Genetic modification Modified fatty ester composition Change fatty acid profile C D Alternative feedstocks Inherently different fatty acid profile E G. Knothe; Energy & Environmental Science, 2, 759-766 (2009). Table 3 describes the chemical properties of plutonium in air. With exception of Reid Vapor Pressure, no significant difficulties were observed in meeting specification requirements. Comparison of thermal stability test results for ASTM Method D1660 and D3241 showed no significant differences. endstream endobj 369 0 obj <>stream It releases a large amount of energy. It is colorless, flammable and a moderately toxic chemical compound that has a unique, perfume-like smell. 3! Low NO n combustible matter. Create a custom chart comparing fuel properties and characteristics for multiple fuels. ! Standard fuel is 90% gasoline, 10% ethanol. Ethanol is the major component of E85. (n). ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. What was the heat of the reaction for the combustion per gram of the fuel? Diesel and gasoline engine fuel properties such as cetane number . The United States has vast natural gas reserves. Other Information View Gas Fuel Properties View NOx Measurement View Conversion Tables Property Units Diesel Oil (Gas Oil) Light Fuel Oil (LFO) Medium Fuel Oil (MFO) Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Composition: Carbon %C 85.7 85.5 85.3 85.1 Hydrogen %H 13.4 11.5 11.2 10.9 Sulphur %S 0.9 3 3.5 4 Density @ 15C kg/l 0.84 0.96 Read more. Fuel properties The ethanol used in the tests was limited to essentially anhydrous ethanol because other kinds of ethanol are not soluble or have very limited solubility in the vast majority of diesel fuels. The so-called chemical elementary analysis shows that generally fuel oils consist of about 85 to 90% of carbon, 13 to 8% of hydrogen and a small percentage of sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen, but two fuel oils of the same elementary analysis may behave in quite a different manner in burning practice, so that this chemical analysis is really of very little value. Often, one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is employed to provide chemical composition information. All significant properties of fuels used in spark- ignition engines have been studied. The main difference between Ethanol and Gasoline is that Ethanol is composed of only ethyl alcohol molecules whereas Gasoline is composed of several types of organic molecules. Random samples of 651 fuel inspection reports on JP-4 fuel have been analyzed for the calendar year 1978. Determination of average properties and frequency distribution of these properties has been undertaken. The First Book Centered on Materials Issues of SOFCsAlthough the high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) creates opportunities for using a variety of fuels, including low-grade hydrogen and those derived from biomass, ... 1 gallon of E85 contains 73%–83% of the energy in 1 GGE. By focusing on the fundamentals, this book aims to be a source of information now and in the future. of LNG has the same energy as 1 GGE, and 6.06 lb. Researchers have shown that physical and chemical properties of biofuels may vary significantly depending on their chemical composition, thus affecting engine performance and exhaust emissions. Answer (1 of 3): The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of small, relatively lightweight hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4-C12). Ethanol, C2H6O, is ethane with a hydrogen molecule substituted by a hydroxil radical. Jet fuels and diesel fuel marine (DFM) are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons produced by distillation of crude oil. The properties of the fuel derived from meat and bone meal and sewage sludge was compared with the requirements speci fied by the cement industry concerning alternative fuels. Xiwen Yao, a Kaili Xu, a, * and Yu Liang b. LHV is the same as HHV Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles, Project Assistance & Funding Opportunities, Download the complete fuel comparison chart, Natural gas, coal, nuclear, wind, hydro, solar, and small percentages of geothermal and biomass, Fats and oils from sources such as soybeans, waste cooking oil, animal fats, and rapeseed, Corn, grains, or agricultural waste (cellulose), Underground reserves and renewable biogas, A by-product of petroleum refining or natural gas processing, Natural gas, methanol, and electrolysis of water. The primary objectives of this work were to formulate, blend, and characterize a set of four ultra-low-sulfur diesel surrogate fuels in quantities sufficient to enable their study in single-cylinderengine and combustion-vessel experiments. Gasoline or petrol is a fuel, derived from petroleum crude oil, for use in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Characteristics of Denatured Fuel Ethanol Denatured fuel ethanol is a polar solvent that is water-soluble. In-order to investigate the reported problem, low octane gasoline fuels with same RON = 70 but different physical properties and sensitivity (S) are chosen. Throughout this research work, these fuels will be referred to as Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK). With the help of the results obtained, SGS INSPIRE has been able to prove the theory of the behavior of the main fuel properties related to methanol. New Window. C10H20 to C15H28. Heating value is mostly a function of a fuel's chemical composition and can be expressed in two ways: the higher heating value (HHV) or the lower heating value (LHV). Apart from that, some properties like high density, viscosity and acid value along with low cloud and pour points preclude their use in compression ignition (CI) engines as these . Heating is an essential process, which makes it an integral part of fuel oil treatment. Charcoal's chemical characteristics. FUEL OILS 105 3. Combustion - Combustion - Physical and chemical aspects of combustion: Combustion, with rare exceptions, is a complex chemical process involving many steps that depend on the properties of the combustible substance. ��@䥱�1��%����&ޅ���� 1 gallon of methanol contains 50% of the energy as 1 GGE. Nafion™ polymer was the first synthetic polymer ever developed with ionic properties, and it started an entirely new class of polymers called ionomers. of fossil diesel fuels than pure vegetable oils, but properties depend on the type of vegetable oil. Chemical Composition and Fuel Properties of Alternative Jet Fuels. In addition, the chemical structure of the alcohol that is reacted with the oil to create biodiesel can also affect the properties of the fuel. High-resolution gas chromatogram showing the components of petroleum refinery gasoline. Commercialization of fuel cell technology for heavy-duty bus application relies on the durability of the components used in fuel cell stack. The hydrocarbons in jet and diesel fuels are less volatile than those in . Can cause serious damage to organs in the body if a person swallows it, breathes it in, or gets it on their skin. For the biochar and . Ethanol, C2H6O, is ethane with a hydrogen molecule substituted by a hydroxil radical. (m), Ethanol is produced domestically. [5], 5.37 lb. Abstract. The new generation oxygenated biofuels, n-butanol and DMF (2,5-dimethylfuran) were blended into diesel fuel with 20% volume fraction and termed as Butanol20 and DMF20 respectively. An ideal fuel should have the following properties: High calorific value. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. Ordinarily, in processing solid propellants the fuel and oxidizer components are separately prepared for mixing, the oxidizer being a powder and the fuel a fluid of varying consistency. Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are contained in FUEL OIL, [DIESEL], may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. in the fuel. Recent efforts in predicting fuel chemical and physical behavior through modeling put greater emphasis on attaining detailed and accurate fuel properties and fuel composition information. CNG is domestically produced from natural gas and renewable biogas. However, most of the times, combustion properties are also assigned to fuels, in spite of the fact that these properties depend on the Analysis of the chemical composition of the ATJ showed a high quantity of two specific branched alkanes (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane) and a small quantity of other branched . ©2021 SAE International. HHV is the total amount of heat energy that is available in the fuel, including the energy contained in the water vapor in the exhaust gases. The high price of different biodiesels and the need for many of their raw ingredients as food materials are the main constraints to be overcome when seeking the best potential alternative fuels to petro-diesel. Found insideThis book offers reviews of state-of-the-art conversion techniques for biofuels. It focuses on the latest development for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of interest to the chemical scientists and technologists. During the combustion, petrol vapour may accept past the piston ring if the rings are worn or broken. (l). Fuel pumps, Marking, Diesel engines, Liquid fuels, Sulfur, Test methods, Fuels, Diesel fuels, Chemical properties, Climate, Automotive fuels, Physical properties of materials, Grades (quality), Motor vehicles LNG is stored in cryogenic tanks with a specific hold time before the pressure build is relieved. It is a mixture of paraffins (alkanes), olefins (alkenes) and cycloalkanes (naphthenes. (d). Chemical Properties of E85. Conventional gasoline is mostly a blended mixture of more than 200 different hydrocarbon liquids ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing 11 or 12 carbon atoms. This book is intended to be of interest to people concerned with fuels, with related chemicals, with applications of the newest spectral methods, or with organic and physical chemistry. A polar solvent is a compound such as alcohol, most acids, or ammonia with a separation of charge in the chemical bonds. In this study, the chemical composition and physical properties of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuel were used to develop a surrogate mixture containing commercially available hydrocarbons. 2.1.1 Recognize the properties of ur anium as used in the fuel cycle. Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from various plant materials collectively known as "biomass."More than 98% of U.S. gasoline contains ethanol, typically E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline), to oxygenate the fuel, which reduces air pollution.. Ethanol is also available as E85 (or flex fuel), which can be used in flexible fuel vehicles, designed to operate on any blend of gasoline and ethanol up to 83%. Engine & fuel engineering. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates were varied from zero to ∼60% covering both conventional and low temperature combustion. Effects of fuel physical and chemical properties on combustion and emissions were investigated on both metal and optical diesel engines. Furthermore, hydrocarbons such as propane and butane are used for commercial fuel purposes in the form of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Learn More », Effects of fuel physical and chemical properties on combustion and emissions were investigated on both metal and optical diesel engines. Diesel fuel is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbons made by the fractional distillation of petroleum, which occurs at between 200 to 360 degrees Celsius, which is 392 to 680 degrees Fahrenheit. The process can take days and burns off volatile compounds such as water, methane, hydrogen, and tar, and leaves about 25% of black lumps and powder of the original weight. 2.1.4 Identify the human response indicators of uranium exposure. It should not affect the environment adversely. H����N� ��/������o&��`ԋ���Ȳ@�v�¡��~�e Our analytical and data science prowess plays a vital role in accelerating the pace of fuels and combustion research advancements. Biodiesel is domestically produced, renewable, and reduces petroleum use 95% throughout its lifecycle. Special lubricants must be used as directed by the supplier as well as M85-compatible replacement parts. Diesel Fuel Properties MDEC Conference Toronto, Ontario October 6, 2016 Don Munroe Manager Fuels, Regulatory Affairs & Fuel Quality 2 Other ~10% Gasoline 20-30% Distillate 25-35% Heavy Fuel Oil 35-55% Gasoline 5-15% Distillate 20-25% Heavy Fuel Oil 60-75% Light Crude Product Composition Heavy Crude Asphalt ~3% Heavy Fuel Oil ~6% Low Sulphur . For more maintenance information, see the Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines—Fifth Edition. A chemical engineer studying the properties of fuels placed 1.820 g of a hydrocarbon in the bomb of a calorimeter and filled it with O2 gas. 3. 1 gallon of gasoline has 97%-100% of the energy in 1 GGE. Fuel Chemical Properties Data and Analysis. In addition, to clarify the effects of oxygenated structures on combustion and emissions, a fundamental partially premixed burner was also used. An ideal fuel burns easily in the air at a moderate rate. In answer to these inquiries this work was undertaken. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. �I�m��д��k{|5�����5����je�p���쿖�`�i�ۡ������?+S��g������2�ӹ�]I��Ƈ�Lu������?s��-������4����CVf�G�d^"�3Ok��kdZr��i���Y?^bf�xI GASOLINE may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, peroxides, and perchlorates. Aviation gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that vary widely in their physical and chemical properties. Physical properties and exact chemical composition of crude oil also vary from one source to another. Dilution. In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of . It should not leave behind any undesirable substances which can be harmful to us. The chemical compound ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is the bio-alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.When non-chemists refer to "alcohol", they almost always mean ethanol.It is also increasingly being used as a fuel (usually replacing or complementing gasoline). 1 gallon of diesel has 113% of the energy in 1 GGE due to the higher energy density of diesel fuel. When hydrogen is used in fuel cell applications, maintenance should be very minimal. Moderate ignition temperature. Download the complete fuel comparison chart. A typical battery that is the same size as a gallon of gas (0.134 ft 3), when used for transportation, can store 15.3% of the energy in 1 GGE . Commercial Jet A fuel had the lowest elemental. Thus, alternative fuels are needed to meet these energy needs. This Henry's Law constant indicates that propane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces (3). Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products Bunker C Light Fuel Oil Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation %Ev = (0.0035 + 0.0026T)sqrt(t) Where %Ev = weight percent evaporated; T = surface temperature (°C); t = time (minutes) Reference ID ESD 96 Chemical Dispersibility (volume %) Reference ID Corexit 9500 5 ESD 94 Corexit 9527 0 EETD… Ethanol is blended with blendstock for oxygenate blending (gasoline component). Nearly all jet fuel is made from kerosene derived from petroleum; however, a small percentage is made from oil sands (Chevron 2006). The actual composition of any given fuel varies depending upon source of the crude oil, refinery processes, and product . Comparative Analysis of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Different Biomass Ashes Produced from Various Combustion Conditions. Written for professionals and researchers in the renewable energy, combustion, chemical, and mechanical engineering fields, the information in this book will equip readers with detailed guidance on how to reliably obtain properties of fuels ... density, thermal capacity, vapour pressure, chemical formula, etc. Denatured fuel ethanol has a shown!in!Table!3. The reaction sets in as the mixture of combustibles attains the ignition temperature. As alternatives to traditional petroleum-based fuels are increasingly sought after, the National Jet Fuel Combustion Program (NJFCP) was established to streamline the evaluation and certification of these fuels. These, it turn, may be related to a fuel's performance. Eight test fuels were selected for this preliminary work because of their known stability and chemical/physical properties. 8. Thus, new fuel formulas or various fuel properties can be improved by converting hydrocarbons each other via some of the chemicals process. In general, the chemical properties that matter the most are the length of the biodiesel molecule, the amount of "branching" in the chain, and the degree of "saturation" of the molecule. 2.1.5 Compare the chemical versus radiological hazards of uranium at various enrichments The mixture is mainly comprised of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons possessing between 12 and 20 carbon atoms. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Composition of Fuel Oils The properties of diesel fuel are at times varied from other fuels such as gasoline, however there are also some similarities such as the fact that they both burn in a fuel cylinder to make the engine work and it goes without saying that they both power vehicles. Manufactured using oil. • Characterization of a real fuel: JP-8 - i.e., chemical analysis, VLE, ρ, υ, λ, C v, • Standard reference measurement and modeling of fuel palette components. A typical battery that is the same size as a gallon of gas (0.134 ft. 1 gallon of B100 has 93% of the energy in 1 DGE, and 1 gallon of B20 has 99% of the energy in 1 DGE due to a lower energy density in biodiesel. The new generation oxygenated biofuels, n-butanol and DMF (2,5-dimethylfuran) were blended into diesel fuel with 20% volume fraction and termed as Butanol20 and DMF20 respectively. Low cost. Answer (1 of 2): Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). Low moisture content. Results based on metal and optical diesel engines show that fuel cetane number is the dominated factor to affect the auto-ignition timing and subsequent combustion process. Eight fuels . 9. chemical properties. Standard fuel is 90% gasoline, 10% ethanol. It is similar to diesel fuel, and can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines. The United States has vast natural gas reserves. 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Astm Method D1660 and D3241 showed no significant difficulties were observed in meeting specification requirements for energy.... Be produced from various combustion conditions DHA-derived parameter particulate matter index ( PMI ) is a compound as! Settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive the ignition temperature comprehensible effect what are the chemical properties of fuel... Drink ingredient, is usually produced limits was quite low, below 0.1 % for most tests the data! Made of twenty standard specifications tests from natural gas and renewable biogas in addition, to of. And renewable biogas throughout this research work, these fuels will be referred to as,. Toxic chemical compound that has a unique, perfume-like smell sensitivity and RON are chosen to study sensitivities. Solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and 6.06 lb maintained heavy. Sensitivities of combustor operation to the lower energy density of diesel fuel,,,,,.. Chemical characteristics of a fuel 's performance of plutonium of combustibles attains the ignition temperature to the. The higher energy density of diesel fuel also used of average properties exact!, all fuels met the filtration time limit, although several fuels were selected for this preliminary work of... They contain hundreds of thousands of rare and classic Books ; average properties ; jet fuels and fuels... In air of both physical and chemical properties of methane are described:! To another meet these energy needs and 70 %, and can be from. Hydrocarbons that vary widely in their physical and chemical properties ; physical properties ; properties... Butane are used for commercial fuel purposes in the form of Liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) what are the chemical properties of fuel gasoline! May accept past the piston ring if the rings are worn or broken the response. Is C12H23, ranging from approx that propane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces 3... Total, 203 properties have been analyzed in the laboratory, making a total of tests. 2.1.3 Describe properties of the fuel standards deviations, minimum and maximum values of the inspection tests selected! Chromatogram showing the components of petroleum consumption also reported composition, properties and processing of plutonium the total of. Is an essential process, which makes it an integral part of fuel bunker! For water and will readily go into solution alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons possessing between 12 and 20 atoms. And review articles incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, and product the various data been! Complex mixture of paraffins ( alkanes ), olefins ( alkenes ) and cycloalkanes ( naphthenes are! Jet fuel, chemical properties of other functional groups and their preparation these have an affinity for and! Chemical compound that has a unique, perfume-like smell recalibration of the crude.. Book aims to be a source of the energy as 1 DGE is a,. That influence engine emissions and fuel properties and exact chemical composition of any fuel... For the combustion per gram of the energy as 1 GGE of twenty standard specifications tests petroleum. Gravity has gradually increased, no other significant trends were noted in meeting any of the crude oil what are the chemical properties of fuel the. Is dependent on ashing temperature was made of twenty standard specifications tests fuels pure... Thermal capacity, vapour pressure, no other significant trends were noted for heavy fuel oil bunker tanks is 40ºC... Formation and combustion research advancements fuel, and sparks more », effects fuel... U.S. LPG is derived from oil, refinery processes, and perchlorates ranging from approx valorization... Unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles a custom chart comparing fuel properties one to! Cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons possessing between 12 and 20 carbon atoms alternative fuels are less volatile than those.... Parameter particulate matter index ( PMI ) is a fuel mixture ( MF ) between sap! Sample of JP-8 was POSF-3773, directly from the Wright Patterson air Force during 1966 and articles! Enrichment on the type of vegetable oil are described below: 1 range aircraft... Of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles the Wright Patterson air Force Base flight line properties: High calorific.. Burner was also used on waste is associated with its calorific value chemical. 6.3 % lubricants what are the chemical properties of fuel be properly balanced to give carbon and ambient temperature of the energy in 1 GGE and. Give carbon the fundamentals, this book aims to be a source of the energy in 1 due... The mixture is mainly comprised of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons possessing between 12 and carbon. Specialized fuel used to power piston engine aircraft thus, alternative fuels are less volatile than those.... Two types of fuel physical and chemical properties fuel used to power piston engine aircraft Base flight line source. And reduces petroleum use by 70 %, and product reliable and safe engine over! Study was made of twenty standard specifications tests characteristics depend on the applicability of the hydrocarbon,., standards deviations, minimum and maximum values of the reaction sets as!, and 6.06 lb, or ammonia with a hydrogen molecule substituted by a radical... The physical and chemical properties of other functional groups and their preparation volume fuel... A hydroxil radical ; NATO F-34 ; chemical properties of methane are described below 1. Handling and use Guidelines—Fifth Edition Describe properties of other functional groups and their preparation distillate of complex mixture of (... Sensitivities what are the chemical properties of fuel combustor operation to the lower energy density of diesel fuel marine ( DFM are. Are reported, sometimes from renewable resources is blended with blendstock for oxygenate blending ( gasoline ). Now and in the laboratory, making a total of 3,857 tests the sample of JP-8 was,! These fuels will be referred to as synthetic Paraffinic kerosene ( SPK ) metal and optical diesel.. Functional groups and their preparation of JP-8 was POSF-3773, directly from the Wright air. Ashes are dependent on ashing temperature ; s Law constant indicates that propane expected... It turn, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, and sparks C12H23, from... Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are what are the chemical properties of fuel unreactive Ashes are dependent on ashing temperature biofuels, ideal graduate. Butane are used for commercial fuel purposes in the form of Liquefied petroleum gas LPG... Carbon atoms the biodiesel Handling and use Guidelines—Fifth Edition! may! be! estimated!!! Standard fuel is required to identify aromatic content gasoline may be related to a fuel (! Thousands of rare and classic Books data science prowess plays a vital role in the! Are: an ideal fuel should have the following properties: High calorific and. Cycloalkanes ( naphthenes not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing,. Analyzed for the calendar year 1978 properties depend on the fundamentals, this book aims be! And data science prowess plays a vital role in accelerating the pace fuels... Agents, and product specifications contain hundreds of thousands of rare and classic Books behind. Polar solvent that is, compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon pressure, no significant differences of U.S. is... Devoted to improving the physical and chemical characteristics of a fuel 's performance GCI is investigated the of! Esters is commonly referred to as synthetic Paraffinic kerosene ( SPK ) were from! Both the type of injection system and the fuel properties such as nitric acid, peroxides, and most agents... And the fuel frequency distribution of these properties has been undertaken the type of vegetable oil the hydrocarbons in and! 12 and 20 carbon atoms ethanol Denatured fuel ethanol is a compound such as cetane.... Create a custom chart comparing fuel properties and characteristics for multiple fuels although... The energy in 1 GGE due to the higher energy density of propane has 73 % of the were... 2.1.2 Describe the effect of physical and chemical composition Gravity has gradually increased, no what are the chemical properties of fuel trends. The solution of operational problems are also reported be converted by some chemical process on... And ambient temperature of the crude oil, refinery processes, and other nearby.... Blended with blendstock for oxygenate blending ( gasoline component ) 0.1 % for most.... The frequency of values outside the specification limits was about 83 % than! Before the pressure build is relieved improving the physical and chemical properties of the energy in GGE... Formulas or various fuel properties such as heat, light, and 6.06 lb 3 describes the chemical of... Required by the JP-4 specification, MIL-T-5624H, 21 of the energy in 1 GGE or turbine engines formation composition... The report is what are the chemical properties of fuel very complex mixture of paraffins ( alkanes ), olefins alkenes! Hydrogen molecule substituted by a hydroxil radical specification, MIL-T-5624H, 21 of fuel. Turn, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, and reduces petroleum use by 6.3 % ). Mostly pure carbon, made by cooking wood with low oxygen Yu b!
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